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1994-05-02
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<text>
<title>
Libya's Bombing of Pan Am Flight 103
</title>
<article>
<hdr>
Patterns Of Global Terrorism: 1991
Libya's Responsibility for the Bombing of Pan Am Flight 103
</hdr>
<body>
<p> The Government of Libya was responsible for the bombing of
Pan Am Flight 103 on 21 December 1988. This reviews both
evidentiary material upon which the US indictment of two Libyan
officials is based and background information that establishes
links between those indicted and senior Libyan Government
officials.
</p>
<p>Summary
</p>
<p> Scottish authorities and the US Department of Justice have
charged two Libyans with carrying out the attack: Abd al-Basit
Al-Megrahi, a senior Libyan intelligence official, and Lamen
Fhimah, the former manager of the Libyan Arab Airlines (LAA)
office of Malta. The charges are based on clear evidence that
Al-Megrahi, Fhimah, and other unidentified coconspirators
planned to bomb Pan Am 103 by:
</p>
<p>-- Obtaining and attaching an appropriately marked Air Malta tag
that circumvented baggage security measures and routed the bag
containing the bomb to the Pan Am feeder flight to Heathrow and
then to Pan Am 103.
</p>
<p>-- Setting the timer that activated the device so that the bomb
would explode about one hour after Pan Am 103 was scheduled to
depart Heathrow Airport in London.
</p>
<p>-- Using the knowledge and access gained from their official
status as representatives of Libyan Arab Airlines (LAA) to
facilitate the operation at Valletta's Luqa airport. This would
have enabled them to bypass security checks and ensure that the
suitcase containing the bomb was inserted into the baggage of an
Air Malta flight to Frankfurt.
</p>
<p> Al-Megrahi, a senior Libyan intelligence official, acted
with the approval of the highest levels of the Libyan
Government. We believe Sa'id Rashid--a leading architect and
executor of Libya's anti-US and antidissident terrorist policies
for the last decade, and a member of the Libyan Government's
inner circle--was the senior government official who
orchestrated the attack. An operation of this sophistication and
magnitude, involving people so close to the Libyan leadership,
could have been undertaken only with the approval of senior
Libyan officials.
</p>
<p>The Case
</p>
<p> The US indictment is based on evidence directly linking
Libyan officials to the suitcase containing the bomb and its
insertion into the baggage system. The evidence also directly
links Al-Megrahi to the Swiss company that manufactured the
timer used in the attack.
</p>
<p>The Suitcase
</p>
<p> Forensic analysis has identified the bag that contained the
Pan Am 103 bomb as a brown, hard-sided Samsonite suitcase. The
following evidence links Al-Megrahi and Fhimah to the suitcase:
</p>
<p>-- Al-Megrahi, traveling in alias, arrived in Valletta with
Fhimah from Libya on the evening of 20 December 1988--the day
before the bombing. Fhimah, the former manager of the LAA office
in Valletta, retained full access to the airport. Al-Megrahi and
Fhimah brought a large, brown hard-sided Samsonite suitcase with
them into Malta on that occasion.
</p>
<p>-- Scottish investigators traced clothing that had been packed
in the bomb suitcase to a Maltese clothing shop. A Libyan
bought the items several weeks before the bombing, most likely
on 7 December 1988. Airport arrival cards demonstrate that
Al-Megrahi was in Malta on 7 December.
</p>
<p>-- In February 1991, Al-Megrahi was described as resembling the
Libyan who had purchased the clothing items.
</p>
<p>The Insertion
</p>
<p> Frankfurt airport records for 21 December show that an
unaccompanied bag was routed from Air Malta Flight 180 (KM 180),
out of Valletta's Luqa airport, to Frankfurt, where it was
loaded onto the Pan Am 103 feeder flight to London. The evidence
indicates that a properly marked Air Malta baggage tag would
have routed the suitcase containing the bomb to John F. Kennedy
Airport in New York via Pan Am 103. The following evidence
implicates Al-Megrahi and Fhimah in this process:
</p>
<p>-- Fhimah's diary contains a reminder for 15 December 1988 to
pick up Air Malta tags--a violation of airport and airline
regulations. Other diary notations indicate that Fhimah
accomplished this task.
</p>
<p>-- According to Luqa airport records and staff, the baggage for
KM 180 was processed at about the same time as their bags for a
Libyan Arab Airlines flight (LN 147), bound for Tripoli.
</p>
<p>-- Al-Megrahi, still traveling in alias, boarded LN 147 on the
morning of 21 December 1988, the same morning that the bomb was
inserted into the baggage of the KM 180 flight. Al-Megrahi's
flight back to Libya checked in at the same airport passenger
check-in counter as KM 180, and the check-in periods for the two
flights overlapped.
</p>
<p>The Timer
</p>
<p> A circuit board fragment recovered from the Pan Am 103 bomb
was part of a sophisticated electronic timer of a type that
Senegalese authorities discovered in the possession of two
Libyan terrorists arrested in February 1988. The timers, marked
MST-13, were manufactured by Meister et Bollier (MEBO), a Swiss
electronics firm located in Zurich.
</p>
<p> The MST-13 timers are unique. MEBO was the sole
manufacturer. All the MST-13 timers produced were delivered to
the Libyans.
</p>
<p> MEBO provided the Libyan External Security Organization (ESO,
also referred to as Jamahirya Security Organization [JSO]) with
20 MST-13 timers in late 1985 and made no more MST-13 timers.
Two ESO electrical engineers commissioned and took possession of
the timers: Izz Aldin Hinshiri, Libya's current Minister of
Communications and Transport, and Sa'id Rashid.
</p>
<p> Al-Megrahi is a close relative and longtime associate of
Sa'id Rashid. At the time Rashid took delivery of the timers,
Al-Megrahi was his immediate subordinate.
</p>
<p> Al-Megrahi rented office space at MEBO and transited Zurich
on at least two occasions in December 1988.
</p>
<p>Libyan Government Responsibility
</p>
<p> The conclusion that the Libyan Government approved the Pan Am
103 bombing is based on Abd-al-Besit Al-Megrahi's central and
continuing role in Libyan intelligence operations and on his
close association with Libyan Government officials who have
implemented and directed Libya's use of terrorism over the years
as a tool of government policy. The career progress of these
officials over the years indicates that the Libyan Government
has consistently endorsed their operations, tactics, and
targets.
</p>
<p>Al-Megrahi's Intelligence Responsibilities
</p>
<p> Abd al-Basit Al-Megrahi's deep involvement in Libya's most
sensitive, high-priority procurement operations indicates that
he enjoyed the fullest confidence of Libya's leadership. We
believe that his contacts and experience in the fields of civil
aviation, cargo movement, and small business operations also
provided him with a ready-made infrastructure to support the
staging of the Pan Am 103 bombing.
</p>
<p> Al-Megrahi is a senior intelligence official with strong
ties to Libya's military procurement apparatus and to the ESO.
In 1987 he became the director of the Center for Strategic
Studies (CSS), a unit that served the ESO and the Department of
Military Procurement through a variety of activities, including:
</p>
<p>-- Procurement of chemical weapons precursors. An Al-Megrahi
subordinate operating in Germany in 1988 played an important
role in acquiring and shipping chemical weapons precursors to
Libya. Al-Megrahi is also linked to a senior manager of Libya's
chemical weapons development program.
</p>
<p>-- Procurement of aircraft and aircraft components for the
Libyan military and LAA. Badri Hasan, another close
collaborator of Al-Megrahi, is one of Libya's leading experts
in circumventing US embargo provisions barring the sale of US
technology and aircraft components to Libya.
</p>
<p>-- Assisting with Libya's effort to co-opt or sponsor Latin
American terrorist groups. Under Al-Megrahi's leadership, the
CSS assisted other Libyan out